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Amaphoyisa alwa nodlame eTanzania abophe iqembu lamadoda ngesikhathi semibhikisho yamaqembu aphikisayo ngosuku olulandela ukhetho lukamongameli lwango-2020 (Isithombe: AFP)
Amasosha akhethekile ase Uganda angaphezu kwama-30 ama commandos aseShayina abambe iqhaza ngoJanuwari 2022, okwaholela ekuthunjweni nasekudingisweni kwezakhamizi ezine zaseShayina okusolwa ukuthi ziyingxenye yezigebengu.
Ngo-Ephreli 2016, basebenza ngokubambisana namaphoyisa aseShayina ahlomile (PAP), abantu abangu-44 base Taiwan bagibela indiza eya eShayina ngenxa yezokuphepha zaseKenya. Lapho befika eShayina, bathola izigwebo eziqinile ejele iminyaka engu-15 ngamacala okukhwabanisa. Amaphoyisaa ase Kenya athathe lesi sinyathelo nakuba abanye abasolwa badedelwa phambilini enkantolo yaseKenya.
Ubuhlakani baseShayina,obusebenza nozakwabo baseGibhithe, kubikwa ukuthi bahlome imibuzo abafundi baseShayina ejele laseGibhithe ngoMeyi 2022. Babeyingxenye yeqembu labantubaseShayina abangu-200 (iningi lwabo okungamaSulumane) abahlanganisiwe emosontweni ezokuphepha eGibhithe ngemuva kokuba umnyango wezangaphakathi eGibhithe usayine isivumelwano sokubambisana nomnyango wezokuphepha (MPS) “ukubhekana nokusabalala kwemibono yokuphekula.” Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu baseGibhithe ngemuva kwalokho igxeke uhulumeni wayo ngokweqa isibopho sayo esingokomthetho samazwe sokuvikela abafuna ukukhoseliswa baseShayina ekubhujisweni. Izehlakalo ezifanayo zenzeke eMorocco nakwamanye amazwe amaningi amaSulumane emhlabeni jikelele.
“Ukusetshenziswa ngendlela engagculisi kwemodeli yaseChina yakulawula ngokuphelele iqembu kungabukela phansi ukusebenza kwezimpi namaphoyisa.”
Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlanganyelwe manje kodwa zigqame kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zemisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho yaseShayina e-Afrika eye yaphunyuka kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwayo. Ziphinde zibonise ukukhathazwa okukhulayo kwemikhuba yamaphoyisa aseShayina ngaphakathi kwamaphoyisa ase – Afrika. Phakathi kuka-2018 no 2021, angaphezu kuka-2,000 amaphoyisa ase-Afrika kanye nabasebenzi bezomtthemtho abaqeqeshelwa eShayina.
Ngaphezu kwamakhokho ezobuchwepheshe, ukuqeqeshwa kwe MPS kuhlanganisa izimiso zezombusazwe kanye nezengqondo ezisekelwe kumodeli yeqembu laseShayina (CCP)yokulawula okuphelele kweqembu lamabutho ezokuphepha kanye nomboso. Konke ukuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa kuhlelwe ngokwalo mgomo oyinhloko yokwenza umehluko omkhulu ngamamodeli womthethosisekelo wase-Afrika kanye nePhalamende lase-Pan Afrika 2019 umthetho wamaphoyisa wase-Afrika ogcizelela izinhlangano zamaphoyisa ezingochwepheshe ezibhalisela ukwengamela iphalamendeababambiqhaza base-Afrika bamele amaphesenti angama-35 okuqeqeshwa kwamanye amazwe ama-MPS, okwesibili ngemuva kwe-Asia.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamaShayina kwezomnotho kubandakanya ukuqeqeshwa kwenzinkulungwane zamamantshi nabameli base-Afrika ngokusebenzisa isikhungo senhlangano yezomthetho yase-afrika enyuvesi i-Xiangtan inhlangano yokubonisana ngezomthetho yase-Asia kanye nenkhundla yezomthetho yokubambisana kweShayina ne-Afrikac(FOCAC) egxile ekuvumelaniseni umthetho wamaShayina nowase-Afrika phakathi kwezinye izifundo. Lesi sakamuva sesiqeqeshe abameli base Africa abangaphezu kuka -40,000 kusukela ngo -2000.
Amathemba okwamukela kabanzi kwezimiso zamaShayina ngohulumeni base-Afrika abonakele emazweni kalawo owayeyisekela likangqopngqoshe wezokuxhumana eTanzania emhlanganweni wokucobelelana ngolwazi oxhase yi-CCP ngo-2017 “abangane bethu baseShayina bakwazile ukuvimba … abezindaba ezweni labo kanye esikhundleni sazo kwafakawa izingosi zasekhaya eziphephile ezakhaya nezidumile.”
Ukuqhashwa okusha kwamaphoyisa aseShayina ahlomile kumemeza iziqubulo ngesikhathi sokubuyekezwa kwamasosha(isithombe:AFP)
Izishoshovu zamalungelo abantu zixwayise ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokungagxeki kwemodeli yaseShayina yokulawula ngokuphelele iqembu kungabukela phansi ubuhlakani bezimpi namaphoyisa nomqondo wokuphepha kuzo zonke izakhamizi. Imodeli yezokuphepha ye-CCP ifingqwe “ekugcinweni kozinzo” (weiwen, 维稳), kweqembu okuphethe kumbuzo onamandla kuyisisekelo sokuphepha nempilo kazwelonke.
Ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwalo mqondo e-Afrika kuyinkinga, uma kubhekwa ukuvela kabusha kwezwe elilodwa elibusayo kanye nezinqubo zokugunyaza kanye namandla okusebenzisa i-weiwen njengesizathu sokugcinwa kwamandla okungapheli. Nge -weiwen, amalungelo abantu, inkulululeko yomphakathi, nokuziphendulela komphakathi kanye nesibili. Nokho, lezi zimiso zisenhliziyweni yezibopho zama-Afrika ekuvikelekeni okubandakanya konke. Ngakho-ke, i-weiwen paradigm iyaphambuka ezifisweni zesakhamuzi sase-Afrika ngezinsizakalo zokuphepha.
Ukusabalalisa izinkambiso zomthetho zaseShayina e-Afrika
Abaningi bengazi, iShayina yenza umsebenzi wokuvikela umphakathi kanye nokugcinwa komthetho amazweni ngamazwe ngokuphindaphindwe keneButho leNkululeko yabantu (PLA). Cishe amazwe angama-40 ase -Afrika anesivumelwano esithile nezinhlangano zezokuphepha zomphakathi zaseShayina. IShayina ixoxisene ngezivumelwano zokubuyiselwa kwamanye amazwe namazwe ayi-13 ase-Afrika, kusukela ku-ziro ngo-2018.
Izivumelwano ezinjalo zakha okuyisisekelo kokuthi i-CCP yakhe ukusekelwa kwezinjongo ezibalulekile ze-MPS njengokubuyisela abantu baseShayina . Ukunye okubalulekile kePhalamande, “ukuvikelwa kwaPhesheya kwezilwandle eShayina” (haiwai gongmin baohu, 海外公民保护), kuwudaba ulubucayi kwezepolitiki emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika njengoba kuthinta abalingisi bezokuphepha base-Afrika ukubeka kuqala ukuvikela abantu baseShayina, okudala umbono wokuthi ukuphepha kwabo kubalulekile kakhulu kunokwezakhamizi zase-Afrika. Noma kunjalo, umkhuba uya ngokuya ufakwa esivumelwaneni sokuphepha saseShayina kanye nohlelo ngalunye lwe-FOCAC olwamukekwa kusuka ngo-2012.
Ohulumeni base-Afrika bathola ukuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa aseShayina kanye nokugcinwa komthetho emhlabeni jikelele lwe-MPS, iqoqo lezikhungo zamaphoyisa eziwu-21. Lokhu kucishe kulingane nenani lezikhungo zezimpi zazeShayina ezivikela abafundi base-Afrika, okubonisa izinga lokuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa ngokuziphatha kweShayina.
“Izindlela zobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi ohlelweni lwamaphoyisa aseShayina zifundiswa ngaphakathi komongo omkhulu wesistimu yezepolitiki yaseShayina.”
IShayina iphinde yakha izikole zokuqeqesha amaphoyisa yakha, iziteshi zamaphoyisa, yahlinzeka ngempahla yamaphoyisa ezindaweni eziningi zase-Afrika. Inqubomgomo yaseShayina “ayikho imibuzo ebuzwayo” ivumela amakhasimende ukuthi athenge izinto zokusebenza ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokulalwula ukuthengisa okuhlobene namalungelo abantu kanye nokuqapha komsebenzi wokugcina. Phakathi kuka 2003 no 2017 amazwe ase-Afrika athole izigidigidi zamadola ezingu-3 ,56 emalimboleko yaseShayina kanye nokuphepha komphakathi, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokugada, inethiwekhi yezokuphepha kazwelonke nezinye izinto zokuphepha ezifana nezikhali zokulwa nodlalme Lesi sibalo cishe sincane kakhulu uma kubhekwa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yalezi zisetshenziswa ifakiwe ekuthengisweni kwezimpi.
Ukunwebeka kweShayina okuphambili kwezokuphepha komphakathi kanye namaqhinga e-Afrika kubangela izimpikiswano mayelana nokuthi kungakanani ubukhosi amazwe ase -Afrika anikezela ngakho ngokunikezela izikhungo zezokuphepha zaze-China indawo evumela kakhulu ukuze uzenze inhlanganisela ekhulayo yezindlela zokuphepha emazweni ase-Afrika. Ngokwenza kanjalo, abalingani base-Afrika bavame ukukhombisa ukuzimisela okwephula owabo umthetho.
Ukukhula kwezikhunga kanye nezinga
Amaphoyisa ase-Afrika aqeqeshwa kulezi zinhlobo ezintathu zezikole eShayina:
Izifundiswa Zamaphoyisa eSifundazwe
- Ikolishi lamaphoyisa i-Shandong
- Ikolishi lamaphoyisa lase-Beijing
- Ikolishi lamaphoyisa lase -Fujian
- Ikolishi lamaphoyisa lase Zhejiang
Izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme
- Inyuvesi yezokuphepha komphakathi yabantu baseShayina
- Isikole samaphoyisa ahlomile saseShayina
- Inyuvesi yamaphoyisa yabantu baseShayina
Izikole ezikhethekile
- Ikolishi lamaphoyisa aphezulu e-Beijing
- Ikolishi elikhethekile lamaphoyisa elise-Beijing
- Isikole samaphoyisa kaloliwe eShanghai
- Isikole samaphoyisa esolwandle eZhejiang
- Isikole sabantu abahlomile bangama Shayina eHebei
- Inyuvesi yabantu yokundiza ngezindiza mshini saseShayina eSichuan
Zonke izikole ezikuhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-MPS lokuqeqeshwa kokugcinwa komthetho zixhumane namazwe ase-Afrika. I-Algeria, iLesotho, iMauritius kanye namanye amazwe okungenani angabawu-20 anobudlelwano nekolishi elikhethekile lamaphoyisa, eliqhuba ukuqeqeshwa kokulwa nobuphekula. Ikolishi lamaphoyisa lase-Zhejiang lisingethe indlela yokubambisana yamaphoyisa eChina. I-Rwanda kanye nohlelo lwe nyunyane yase-Afrika abalwa nokupheklwa banalo ukuqhubeka nobudlelwano neKolishi Lamaphoyisa i-Shandong. Ikolishi lamaphoyisa lase-Fujian lethule uhlelo lokuqeqesha eNingizimu Afrika ngo -2019 lomnyango wamaphoyisa wedolobha laseGoli ngezinhlelo zokuphindaphinda kwamanye amadolobha wamaphoyisa.
Lokhu kuxoxisana kwakamuva kwemukelwe ngokugonywa ngumphakathi kusuka uphiko lwamaphoyisa oluenkohlakalo olwakhiwe ngowayengugqongqoshe wamaphoyisa lathunyelwa esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme saseShayina ukuze siqeqeshwe ngo -2016. Uphiko lwabe selujutshwe ngokungemthemtho ezikhungweni zokuphepha eziphezulu zaseNinguzimu Afrika okubikwe ukuthi “njengeqebu elihlaselayo” ukusabisa nokubulala izimbangi zezombusazwe. Ngenkathi ihlakazwa ngabaphathi bakaRamaphosa le ndaba yagcizelela ubungozi bezikhulu ezingananembeza ezisebenzisana nozakwabo baseShayina ukudala amabutho angekho emthethweni.
Ikolishi lamaphoyisa i-Fujian laliqeqeshe nonogada bakamongameli we-Central African Republic. Unogada kamongameli uhlanganiswe cishe yizihlo zikamengameli u-Faustin Toundera futhi uyathinteka ohlwini olude lwezono zonya ezihlanganisa ukudubula nokulimaza abantu abayi -10 ababumba ukuthula ngo-2021.
“Wona kanye lawa mandla avame ukubizwa ukuthi acindezele labo abaseqhulwini lwezinguquko kwezombusazwe.”
“Akubuzwa mibuzo” wokuxoxisana namaphoyisa aseShayina kuyakhathaza njengoba ukuqeqesha amaphoyisa, onogada bakamongameli, kanye nezinsizakalo zezobuhloli ezaziwa ngamahlelo, okuhlukumeza, kanye nokuntuleka kokukhuthaza izinguquko kungase kubhebhethekise inkinga. Ngo-2001, isibonelo, iKenya yethula uhlelo lokuthumela amaphoyisa angu-400, amalungu ePhalamende kanye nabezomthetho ezikoleni zamaphoyisa zaseShayina ukuze kuqeqeshwe minyaka yonke nakuba ukuhlukunyezwa nokungajeziswa kwamaphoyisa aseKenya kubhalwe kahle.
Labo abaphishekela izindinganiso eziphakeme baphikisa ngokuthi umongo ubalulekile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba abezobuhloli bamaphoyisa kanye nezikhulu ziphakathi kwezikhungo ezesatshwayo nezikhohlakele kakhulu e-Afrika. Ngakho -ke inkulumo-mpikiswano yokuqeqeshwa okunjalo izokhula njengoba izinga lokuzibandakanya kwamaShayina ekuvikelekeni komphakathi kanye nesikhala sokugcinwa komthetho sikhula.
Okunye kwalokhu kuqeqeshwa kuthuthele e-Afrika ukuze kufinyelelwe abaqeqeshwayo abangeziwe futhi kwandise ukutholwa kwemikhuba nezifundo ezifundiswa esikoleni samaShayina. Uhlelo oluhlanganyelwe kanye nomnyango wezangaphakathi kanye nomphathi wendawo wase-Algeria kanye nesikole saseShayina sokubusa i(CAG)bathwese iziqu ezingaphezulu kuka-400 zamaphoyisa ase-Algeria, abamthetho kanye nabasebenzi bezinsizakalo zomphakathi phakathi kuka-2015 no-2018. U-CAG iqeqeshe amathimba afanayo aseNingizimu Afrika nawo anesivumelwano sokusebenza nelunga lePhalamande laseShayina.
Izindlela zobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi ohlelweni lwamaphoyisa aseShayina zifundiswa ngaphakathi kamongo omkhulu wesistimu yezepolitiki yaseShayina. Incazelo ye-CCP yobuphekula, ngokwesibonelo ithola isuka ku-weiwen. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvukela umbuso okumelene nohulumeni kanye nalokho i-CCP ekubiza ngokuthi “ububi obuthathu” (san gu shili, 三股势力): ubuphekula, ukuhlukana noma ukwehlukana, kanye nokweqiswa ngokwenkolo. Le ndlela, yona yazisa ubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe aseShayina.
Isikhulu samaphoyisa e-Dakar, e-Senegal ukuvimbela noma yikuphi ukubhikisha nanoma iyiphi intantheli ukuthi ikhulume ngomkhondo wokuhlambalaza u-Ousmane Sonko. (Isithombe: AFP)
Ukuthunyelwa kweShayina ngamagama okuphepha afana ne “ubuphekula” kanye nokusabalalisa okujwayelekile kusizwa ukufana kwesakhiwo phakathi kwamaphoyisa aseShayina nawase-Afrika. Izinhlangano zamaphoyisa ase-Afrika zibekwe endaweni eyodwa ngaphansi kwesikhulu futhi ziqondiswe ungqongqoshe wezangaphakathi, amaphoyisa noma wezokuphepha komphakathi njengaseShayina. Amaphoyisa amaningi ase-Afrika nawo ayingxenye yokwakhiwa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke futhi athambekale akubeni abezimpi kakhulu enhlanganweni yawo eyisisekelo, ohlelweni lwezikhundla nezindlela zokusebenza.
Iziphathimandla ezininga zamaphoyisa ase-Afrika, ngaphezu kwalokho zihlelwa zaba “imiyalo” futhi kuvamile ukuthi amaphoyisa athuyelwe kuzimpi futhi okuphambene nalokho. Empeleni, amaphoyisa ase-Afrika (kanye nabazobuhloli nezikhulu) ngokuvamile babonisa ukwethembeka kumbuso weqembu. EShayina, lokhu kusemthemthweni namaphoyisa, umnyango wezokuphepha komphakathi (i-ajenti kuphatha PAP) i-PLA namanye amabutho aseShayina asebenza ngengamathuluzi e-CCP.
IShayina inezithamili ezivumayo ikakhulukazi kubaholi abathile base-Afrika abathintekayo ngokuphila kombuso. Bayayithakasela indlela yokulawula ye -CCP kanye nemishini yayo yombuso yamaphoyisa (jingchaguojia jiqi, 警察国家机器) etholakala yonke indawo futhi ebizayo, inciphisa osabelomali se-PLA.
Ukhathazeka kweZwekazi
Iminyaka eyishumi endlule ibe nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwamanethiwekhi azimele ase-Afrika ngobudlelwano be-Afrika neShayina, okuhlanganisa nosizo lwezokuphepha. Lokhu kugqugquzele izinkulumo mpikiswano ezinolwazi oluthe xaxa kanye nokumela inqubomgomo okuhloselwe ohulumeni base-Afrika kanye ne-AU. Lokhu, ngakho ke, kungase kube iphuzu elibalilekile lokusuka phakathi kwezindlela zama-Afrika namaShayina. Imodeli yaseShayina yokuxoxisana iqhutshwa kakhulu ngabathile, okusho ukuthi umsebenzi wayo wamaphoyisa kanye nokugcinwa komthetho uyimfihlo futhi awuvamile ukuphikiswa ngawo kwabezindaba noma yiphalamende nezakhamizi.
“EShayina, [ukuthembeka eqenjini] kusemthethweni namaphoyisa namanye amabutho wonke asebenza njengemathuluzi e-CCP.”
Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yase-Afrika ithi ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokuhlonyiswa kwenzinhlaka zokuphepha ezithiteka ekwephuleni amalungelo abantu kukhulisa imizwa engemihle ngabazuzisi ngakho-ke iShayina kufanele inyathele ngokuchophelela. Wona kanye lamandla avame ukubizwa ukuthi acindenzela labo abaseqhulwini lwezinguquko kozombusazwe ikakhulukazi abantu abasha. Okwamanje, i-Afrika iyiZwekazi elincane kunawo wonke emhlabeni elinamaphesenti angama-60 abantu abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengama -25 ubudala. Ngokwe-Afrobarometer, isigamu sabo bonke abaphendullile emazweni angama-28 ase-Afrika (abangamaphesenti angama-51) bathi ithonya laseShayina kwezomnotho nezombusazwe muhle. Kanti lokhu kungakwehla kusuka kumaphesenti angama-61 ocwaningweni lwango-2019, kusabalulekile.
Iningi lezakhamuzi zaze -Afrika nalo lifuna intando yeningi: amaphesenti angama-80 anqaba umthetho weqembu elilodwa, angamaphesenti angama-75 anqaba ukubusa ngondlovukayiphikiswa kanti amaphesenti angama-70 afuna ukuphila emphakathini wentando yeningi. Lezi zidingo zikhuphuka kakhulu ku-18-25, 26-35, kanye ne -36-45, amaqoqo, yona kanye ingxenye yabantu baseShayina isungula kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni ngokusebenzisa uxhaxha lwamathuluzi kagesi athambile.
Ngakho-ke, kunezingozi ezinkulu zesithunzi sokuphishekela inqubomgomo engadinga ukuthi abamukeli bosizo lokuvikela baziphendulele futhi baziphathe kahle ekusebenziseni ukuqeqeshwa izisetshenziswa kanye nokwakhiwa kwamandla abakutholayo.
Ebuka emkhathizwe
Ukutholwa kwezinkambiso ze-CCP akunikezwa. Nokho, ukwakheka kokusabalalisa kwabo kuqinile. Emgudwini walo wamanje, usizo lwezokuphepha lwaseShayina luzoqhubeka lubusa ukwesaba ukuthi luvumela imibuso engathandwayo kanye nezokuphepha ezigcina ziphethe. Izicelo zezinguquko zenqubomgomo zizokhula ngenxa yalokhu kwesaba.
Abezindaba, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye namanethiwekhi azimele bonke baneqhaza okufanele balibambe ekuqhapheni usizo lwezokuphepha lwangaphandle, ukuqwashisa nokukhuthaza ukuziphendulela. IShayina ithokozele ukuthandwa kabanzi e-Afrika eminyakeni endlule, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamathuba ezomnotho, ezemfundo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwabasebenzi okucatshangwa ukuthi iyakuletha. Kodwa, ama -Afrika anokugodla mayelana nezinkambiso ezibalulekile ze-CCP okuhlanganisa ukulawula okuphelele kweqembu phezu kwe politiki, ukuphepha kanye nombuso. Lezi yizinkathazo ohulumeni base -Afrika okufanele bakunake funa belahlekelwe ukuthenjwa yilabo abababusa egameni labo.
Izinsiza Ezengeziwe
- Isikhungo sesa-Afrika sezifundo, “Kuya ngesiko lobungwenti bezimpi e-Afrika“, ukukhanya, Disemba 20, 2022.
- Jordan link,”indawo yamaphoyisaaseShayina” isikhungo senqubekalaphambili yasemelika, ngo-Okthoba 17, 2022.
- U-Nedege Rolland(ed), “imigqa engaphambili yezombangazwe: ukuphishekela kweShayina ithonya e-Afrika“,we NBR No.100 mhlaba wonke jikelele Bureau yocwaningo lwase-Asia, Juni 1, 2022.
- I-Bulelani Jili, “akusatshalaliswa kobuchwepheshe bokuqala e-Afrika kuvusa ukukhathazeka“, Ukukhanya, isikhungo sase-Afrika sezifundo zamasu, Disemba 11, 2020.
- U-Paul Nantulya, “Osonkontileka bezokuphepha laseShayina e-Afrka“, i-Carnegie Tsinghua Centha yenqubomgomo yazwelonke, Okthoba 8, 2020.
- U-Paul Nantulya, “iShayina iphromotha imodeli yebutho e-Afrika“ ukukhanya, isikhungo sase-Afrika sezimfundo zamasu, Julayi 28, 2020.
- UMarianne Thamm, “kusuka eqenjini labashonile kuya eqenjini labashonile: uNhleko waseShayina oqeqeshwe ama-ejenti ayimfihlo ushiywe dengwane futhi esaba,”nsuku zonke Maverick, Juni 4, 2019.
- Joel Wuthnow, “elinye ibutho laseShayina : amaphoyisa abantu ahlomile ngenkathi yezinguquko,” iShayina Perspective Strategic 14, izikhungo zezifundo zamasu kazwelonke, Ephreli 16, 2019.