Fuskantar rikicin Kaduna na Najeriya

Jihar Kaduna da ke Arewa maso Yammacin Nijeriya ta fuskanci ƙarin rikice-rikicen kusan sau uku fiye da daa da  suka shafi kungiyoyi masu ɗauke da makamai a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Bisa ga lafazin Aikin Wurin Rikicin Makamai da Bayanan Abubuwan da suka faru, Al’amuran tashin hankali guda 220 sun haifar da asarar rayuka kusan dubu. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kusan mutane 400 da aka sace don fansa kuma ɗarurukan al’ummomi da suka lalace wanda ya haifar da ƙaurawar mutane fiye da 50,000. A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, Kaduna ta kasance da mafi yawan rikice-rikicen siyasa da mace-mace a arewacin Nijeriya, a bayan jihar Borno – cibiyar da ke fama da rikicin Boko Haram.

Rikicin tsaro na Kaduna ya ta’allaka ne da barazanar uku daban-daban amma masu alaƙa. Na farko ya shafi rikicin manoma da makiyayan dabbobi  wanda ya kunshi  ƙaruwar tashin ankali a kan samun daman fili da amfani da shi a tsakanin al’ummomi. Barazana ta biyu ta fito ne daga wasu masu ɗauke da makamai da ke aikata laifuka,duk da satar mutane don neman kuɗin fansa, ma’amalolin makamai, satar shanu, da kuma fashi da makami a manyan hanyoyi. Irin wannan matsalar daga kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka ta shafi jihohin da ke makwabtaka da ita, duk da Katsina inda aka sace sama da ‘yan makaranta ‘yan maza 300 sannan daga baya aka sake su a watan Disambar 2020. Barazanar karshe ita ce daga tashin hankali ta tsageranci. Wannan barazanar ta sake bayyana a cikin shekarar 2020 lokacin da kungiyar Ansaru, wacce ke da tsattsauran ra’ayin Islama da ake tunanin cewan ta daina aiki, ta kai wani harin kwanton ɓauna mai shiryayye sosai, sannan wasu jerin hare-hare suka biyo baya.

A martani ga tabarbarewar tsaro a Kaduna, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kafa kungiyar Haɗin Gwiwar Rundunar Soja ta musamman a ƙarƙashin umarnin Yarjejeniyar aiki “Operation Accord” Waɗannan rundunonin tsaron sun tsunduma a wani martanin soja wanda ke nufan kungiyoyi masu ɗauke da makamai da ke aiki a cikin jihar, sun kuma samu wasu nasarori. Amma duk da haka, ci gaba da ƙaruwar asarar rayuka da rashin kwanciyar hankali a Kaduna ya nuna cewa nasarorin da aka samu a kan waɗannan kungiyoyin bai isa don dawo da kwanciyar hankali da kare al’ummomi ba.

Rashin bambancewa tsakanin da kuma haɓaka amsoshi na gida ga kowane barazanar da ke haifar da rashin tsaro a Kaduna na da haɗarin ƙara tsanantar da wannan rikicin. Idan har Kaduna ta bi irin wannan hanyar ta yaki da Boko Haram a Borno a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, hakan na da tasiri ga dukkan Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya.

Fahimtar Barazanan da ke Lalatar da Kadun

Na Kasance a arewacin babban birnin tarayya Habuja, jihar kaduna itace jiha ta huɗu mafi yawan mutane a Najeria mai yawan mutane miliyan 12. Ita ce hedikwatar siyasa ta yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya, da kuma cibiyar kasuwancin da ayyukan masana’antu.

Da yawan jama’ar arewancin ta na  waɗanda suke a haɗe da Musulmai Hausa-Fulani da mazaunar kudanci galibi kabiloli daban-daban mabiyan addinin kiristanci, Kaduna ba wai kawai yanki ne na tsakiya ba amma har ila yau maɗaurin raɓe-raɓen kabilu da addinan Najeriya. Kasancewar Kaduna a tsakiya ta sanya magance ƙalubalenta na tsaron ta aiki mafi mahimmanci.

Rikicin Manoma-Makiyayan Dabboobi. Ƙaruwar tsananin rikicin manoma da makiyayan dabboobi a Kaduna ana iya gano tushinsa daga faɗaɗa kungiyoyi waɗanda a musamman kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga makiyayan dabbobi ne, da yawaitar ƙananan makamai a Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya. Hare-hare daga ‘yan bindiga makiyayan dabbobi da ke neman wuraren kiwo domin garken su ya jawo hare-haren ramako daga kungiyoyin ‘yan banga wadanda ke kokarin kare gonakinsu, abinda ke haifar da karin ramawa daga ‘yan bindiga makiyayan dabbobi. Wannan zagaye na rikice-rikice ya hanzarta yayin an yi ƙarancin ƙasar kiwo saboda matsin lambar yawan jama’a da saboda gurbacewar muhalli arewacin Najeriya. Yayin da makiyaya dabbobi ke neman filin kiwo a nesa, manoma da da wuraren zamansu su kuma suna faɗaɗa zuwa wasu yankuna don shuka amfanin gonar su. Wannan faɗaɗa biyu ya hanzarta haɓakan gasa a kan raguwar albarkatun ƙasa a jihar Kaduna. Duk ɓangarori biyu a rikicin tsakanin manoma da makiyaya dabbobin suna amfani da kananan makamai da ake shigo da su ta Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya ta hanyar masu shigo da bindigogi waɗanda ke sayarwa da rarraɓa su ta haramtattun kasuwanni.

Ƙungiyoyin masu laifi. Kungiyoyin da ke aikata laifi sun yi amfani da kasancewar rashin tsaro mai ƙarfi ta hanyar yin kwanton ɓauna ga matafiya a kan manyan hanyoyi, suna satar mutane don fansa, satar shanu daga makiyaya, da kuma sanya tara da haraji ta hanyar “kuɗin girbi” ga manoman yankin. Wadannan ayyukan sun kara tsananta rikici tsakanin manoma da makiyaya, wanda kungiyoyin suka tsananta ta hanyar siye da siyar da makamai a bakar kasuwannin da suke da iko a kan su. Ayyukan sojoji a 2016 da farkon 2017 sun kori wasu kungiyoyin masu aikata laifi da ke aiki a Kaduna. Koyaya, waɗannan yakin bai daɗe tsawon su don riƙe yankin ba. Wannan ya bawa kungiyoyin masu laifi damar sake shiri da dawowa.

Haɗewar ƙanƙane tsaro da kuma kashi 40 cikin 100 na rashin aikin a Jihar Kaduna (mafi girma a arewacin Najeriya) yana taimakawa ɗaukar ma’aikata ta kungiyoyin masu laifi. da kusan kashi 44 cikin ɗari na mazaunan ƙasan da ke zama a ƙarƙashen layin talauci na ƙasa, ƙididdigar talaucin Kaduna ya ninka na Anambra a Kudu maso Gabashin Nijeriya sau uku kuma ya ninka na Legas sau goma.

Dawowar Ansaru. Bayan shekaru 7 na rashin aiki, kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra’ayin Islama, Ansaru, ta yi wani kwanton bauna a watan Janairun 2020 inda ta auna wa ayarin motocin Sarkin Potiskum da kuma kashe sojojin Najeriya da dama. Tun daga lokacin sun yi ikirarin hare-hare da dama da suka faru, wadanda suka fi faruwa a arewacin Kaduna. Duk da haka, rarrabe waɗannan hare-haren daga na sauran ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifi ya zama kalubale. Sake dawowan Ansaru yana da nasaba da iyawan kungiyar na yin amfani da korafe-korafen da suka samo daga mummunar tabarbarewar tsaro da yanayin tattalin arziki na Kaduna. Gwagwarmayar akidar Ansar ita ce sanya mulkin dimokiradiyya ya zama kamar gurbatacce, kuma bai dace da Musulunci ba, yayin bayar da makamai da damar tattalin arziki don daukar mambobi. Da alama kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra’ayi ta sami nasarori na musamman a daukar ma’aikata cikin Fulani. Kokarin kungiyar na fadada daga Kaduna zuwa makwabtan jihohi da kuma iyawarta na afkawa sojojin Najeriya ya nuna babbar barazanar tsaro da kungiyar Ansaru ke yiwa yankin.

Kimanta Tasirin Aikin Yarjejeniyar “Operation Accord”

Lokacin da suka fuskanci barazanar tsaro na gida, hukumomin gwamnatin Najeriya sun kafa rundunar hadin gwiwa (JTF) masu hada sojoji da sauran hukumomin tsaro na jihohi. An kafa shi a Kaduna a watan Yuni a shekarar 2020 Aikin Yarjejeniyar (Operation Accord) misali ne na JTF da ke tara sojojin ƙasa da na jihohi. Musamman, ‘yan sanda na jihohi da ƙwarewar leƙen asirin cikin gida sun haɗa kai da bayanan Sojojin Sama, aikin leƙen asiri, da kadarorin sa ido don tallafa wa ayyukan kawar da Sojoji da ‘yan sintiri na kwanton-bauna. jinsin masu fasaha ta gida  kuma taimakon iska don ayyukan ƙasa sun taimake wajan kewaya cikin mawuyacin ƙasa wanda ke nuna yankunan Kaduna.

Ta wannan kokarin, Aikin Yarjejeniyar ta sami wasu nasarori sanannu. Jami’an tsaro sun kaddamar da hare-hare ta kasa da ta sama bisa bayanan sirri da suka samu daga al’ummomin. Wannan ya haifar da kamewa da kashe barayin shanu, dillalan makamai, da ‘yan kungiyar asirin. Hakanan ya haifar da lalatar da sansanonin mayaka, gami da akalla ɗaya na Ansaru. Wadannan ayyukan tsaro sun kubutar da mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma kwato muggan makamai daga kungiyoyin ɓarayi da kungiyoyin makiyaya dabbobi.

Duk da nasarorin da aka samu, Aikin Yarjejeniyar (Operation Accord) ya yi fama da rashin dacewa ta aiki da kuma wata son zuciya da ta hana iyawartan mu don dakile karuwar rashin tsaro a Kaduna da magance karuwar rashin tsaro da dawo da aminci, musamman ga al’ummomin karkara. Wadannan gazawar za’a iya rarraɓa su kamar haka:

Dabarun Gefe Ɗaya. Dabarar Aikin Yarjejeniyar (Operation Accord) ta na dogara da amfani da karfi don magance rikitaccen yanayin tsaro na Kaduna ba tare da la’akari da yanayin yawaitar barazanar ba. Maimakon haɓaka hanyoyin na gida don magance takamaiman barazanar da ɗorewar kasancewar tsaro mai tunanin yawan jama’a, jami’an tsaro na tarayya, a wasu lokutan, suna yi amfani da amfani da mugayen ƙarfi da kuma ba tare da bambantawa ba. Kodayake waɗannan ayyukan sun samu wasu nasara bisa ga  nasara ta mizanin soja, amma ba su haifar da dawwama ba. A cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata, gwamnatin jihar Kaduna ta kashe kimanin Naira biliyan 16 (dala miliyan 41.4) don tallafawa hukumomin tsaro daban-daban da kudade da kayan aiki. Koyaya, waɗannan ƙoƙari sun kasa haɗawa da wata dabara ta tsawon lokaci wanda ke haɓaka jami’an tsaro na gida waɗanda za su iya hana dawowar gungun masu aikata laifi da ƙungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra’ayi.

Ra’ayin dogara ga martanin soja kaɗai ya kawo da karancin kuɗaɗe don yunƙuri ta gida kamar su Hukumar Kula da Zaman Lafiya ta Jihar Kaduna (KAPECOM) wacce ke ba da hanyoyin rage matsalar tsaron Kaduna. A kular da rikicin manoma da makiyaya dabbobi, a misali, KAPECOM ta gabatar da shirye-shirye da dama waɗanda ke karfafa hakuri da juna da sasanta rikice-rikicen tsakanin kabilu. Wadannan ayyukan suna karfafa hadin kai da tattaunawa tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na ta gida, suna taimakawa wajen daukaka damuwar al’umma kamar samun damar raguwar albarkatun kasa da tabarbarewar yanayin tattalin arziki kafin mambobin al’umma su koma tashin hankali. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin tattaunawa da haɗin kai, hakanan, yana nufin rage ayyukan laifi da ɗaukar mayakan islama.

Rashin Amana tare da Jama’ar Al’umman. Har ila yau, tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin yarda tsakanin sojoji da wasu al’ummomin yankin sun hana aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar aiki (Operation Accord). Sakamakon haka, kwamandojin Operation Accord suna ba da takaitattun bayanai ga jama’a game da ayyukansu don rage kwararar tsaro. Wannan, bi da bi, yana hana al’umma aiki tare da bayanan na gida. A wasu lokuta inda membobin al’umma suka raɓa bayanai, ana zargin jami’an tsaro sun yi jinkiri ko gazawa wajen mayar da martani, lamarin da ya sa al’ummomin yankin ke kallon jami’an tsaro da ma wani idon tuhuma. Irin waɗannan rikice-rikicen na kara tabarbarewar matsalar tsaro ta Kaduna

Rashin Sojoji da Kayan aiki. Duk da karin sojoji da kayan aiki da aka tura Kaduna, Aikin Yarjejeniyar (Operation Accord) tana ci gaba da wahala daga rashin isassun ma’aikata da kuma rashin isassun kayan aiki don amsawa kai tsaye ga hare-haren ƙungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai. Makiyaya masu dauke da makamai da gungun masu aikata laifuka suna tafiya cikin dabara ta hanyar kalubalantar yanayin amfani da Babura. Duk da haka, Jami’an tsaro a karkashin Aikin Yarjejeniyar (Operation Accord), ba su da motocin hawa da babura da ake buƙata don yin sintiri a cikin mummunan filin da ba za a iya wucewa ba. Hakanan ana buƙatar ƙarin jirage masu saukar ungulu don tura sojoji cikin sauri zuwa wurare masu nisa. Waɗannan ƙuntatawa a kan motsi, musamman don samun dama ga al’ummomin da ke nesa, sun kasance abun bada rashin karfin Aiki Yarjejeniyar (Operation Accord), a wasu lokuta yana haifar da jinkirin martani. Sakamakon haka, shugabannin al’umma da na addinai na ci gaba da yin la’anta da karancin jami’an tsaro a wasu sassan jihar Kaduna.Bunƙasa rundunonin tsaro na cikin gida waɗanda za su iya ci gaba da kasancewa bayan ayyukan soja na iya rage buƙatar sake tura dakaru waɗanda ke da ƙanƙanƙan runduna a Nijeriya zuwa yankuna ɗaya. Kodayaya, yana buƙatar ƙarin dabaru tare da mai da hankali ga al’ummomin gida.

Daidaita Dabarun Hangen nesa na Aiki Yarjejeniyar (Operation Accord)

Matsalolin tsaro da ake fuskanta a Kaduna ya nada fuskoki daban-daban. An buƙaci haɗawa koƙarin tsoro da (Operation Accord) ta yi a cikin cikakkiyar dabara wanda ke da fahimtar irin wannan barazanar da wasu dalilai mai dama ke  tursasawa. Saboda haka, matakin farko na gyara, shi ne, tsara tashoshi daban-daban na kungiyoyin mayaka, kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka, da barazanar masu kaifin kishin Islama – da kuma tsara martanin tsaro ga kowane daya. Rage rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya, alal misali, zai kunshi rage hare-haren sojada karin kokarin fadada tattaunawa da sulhu. KAPECOM ta riga ya haɓaka wasu shawarwari don yin hakan. Irin wadannan shawarwarin zasu kawo fatan alheri a tsakanin gwamnati da al’ummomin da kuma nuna cewa gwamnati da gaske ne take a wajen magance waɗannan tashin hankalin.

Ana buƙatar dabaru masu daidaito don haɓaka aikin yi. Rage halayyar bata gari ta kungiyoyin masu aikata laifi da ke tsoratar da makiyayan dabbobi da manoma, a dabi’ance, hakan kuma na da babbar fa’ida ta tattalin arziki a yankin.

Nasarorin soja na Operation Accord suna kawo sauyi wajen inganta tsaro ga Kaduna, amma akwai bukatar a kara himma don dorewar wadannan nasarorin tsaro. Muhimmanci Iyakokin na kewayawa suna tattare da kiyaye isasshen kasancewar tsaro don riƙe yankin, samun damar kayan aiki wanda zai iya bunkasa motsi, da ƙarfafa amana tare da al’ummomin yankin.

Kafa rundunonin gida don riƙe yankin da aka ƙwace daga ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifi da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi na iya fara cike wannan gibin.

Wannan zai kuma ba da Aikin Yarjejeniyar (Operation Accord) damar aiwatar mayar da hankali su a kan iyakance karfin soja a tunkarar kungiyoyin masu gwagwarmaya, masu aikata laifi, da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi. Jami’an tarayya da na jihohi na iya fadada ikon Operation Accord don samar da dabarun tsaro da ke la’akari da mutane da nufin sake gina aminci da al’ummomin yankin. Irƙirar tsarin gargaɗi na wuri-wuri da hanyoyin amsawa waɗanda ke haɗa al’ummomi cikin babbar hanyar sadarwar tsaro za ta fi kariya ga waɗannan al’ummomin. Wannan kuma, zai inganta da sake gina aminci da amana tare da jami’an tsaron jihar.

Babban fifiko mai amfani a wannan ƙoƙari zai kasance gano amintattun shugabannin cikin gida azaman “matattarar magana” ko haɗin kan al’umma sannan kuma haɓaka ƙarfinsu na tattara bayanan sirri kan hare-hare masu zuwa. Wannan zai taimaka ‘yan kasa  masu sintiri da goyan bayan ma’aikata ta gida Irin wannan dabarar, duk da haka, ya na dogara musamman akan kusanci da ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da wuraren tallafi na sojoji, wanan shine abun da aka rasa a jihar Kaduna yayin Yarjejeniyar (Operation Accord) Ginawa gabaɗaya a kan abubuwan da aka cimma na Operation Accord na iya taimakawa ɗorewar waɗannan nasarorin, yayin da ana karfafa iyawar gwamnati da shugabannin al’umma na yankin don rage yawan daukar mutane cikin kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka da Ansaru. Haka kuma, dabaru mafi fadi na iya karfafa hadin gwiwar gwamnati tare da al’ummomin yankin-babban damar samar da tsaro mai ɗorewa.

Olajumoke (Jumo) Ayandele mai ba da shawara ne kan harkokin bincike a Filin Bayanan Bayanai na Taron Yanki na Rikici (ACLED). Binciken nata ya mai da hankali ne kan hanyoyin tsakaitawa tsakanin rikice-rikicen Afirka, ci gaban ɗan adam, da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. Ta yi digirin digirgir. a cikin Harkokin Duniya, tare da ƙwarewa kan Tsaron Dan Adam daga Jami’ar Rutgers.