I-SADC Izama Ukudingisisa Okhethweni LweZimbabwe

Ukhetho lukazwelonke lwaseZimbabwe lwangomhla zingama-23–24 ku Agasti lubhekwe kabanzi njengomgunyathi. Lokhu kube isiphetho se-Southern African Development Community (SADC) Observer Mission (SEOM) kanye nezinye izinhlaka ezizimele zabaqaphi ezivela ku-Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), i-African Union (AU), i-European Union (EU). , i-Commonwealth Observer Group, kanye ne-Carter Centre.

Iholwa yilowo owayeyiphini likamongameli waseZambia, uDkt. Nevers Mumba, i-SEOM yaphula umkhuba wangaphambili futhi yakhipha iSitatimende Sokuqala esishubilesiphawula ukuthi ukuvota kwehlile kumazinga amancane abekwe ku-SADC Principles and Guidelines for Democratic Elections. Kafushane, umbiko uphawuliwe:

• Ukungalungi ekuhlukaniseni izifunda.
• Ukubambezeleka ekukhishweni kohlu lwabavoti okuholela emathubeni alahlekile okwenza ucwaningo.
• Imigoqo yenkululeko yokuhlangana kanye nokukhuluma okuvela emithethweni enzima efana ne-Maintenance of Peace and Order Act (MOPA) kanye ne-Patriot Act, okwenza kube yicala noma ngubani ogxeka “ubukhosi beZimbabwe.”
• Izimali zokuqoka ezinomkhawulo ezikhawulela ukubamba iqhaza, njengenkokhelo engakaze ibonwe engu-$20,000 yabaqokwe njengomongameli.
• Ubufakazi bokuntuleka bokuzimela kokwahlulela.
• Ubufakazi bokuthunyelwa kwe-Forever Associates Zimbabwe (ekholakala ukuthiiphambili kwezobunhloli bombuso weZimbabwe) ezweni lonke, ngaleyo ndlela kwehlisa ivoti.
• Izinkinga zokuhlangana kweqembu/umbuso.
• Ukusakazwa okuchemile kwabezindaba zombuso.

Enhlokodolobha, i-Harare, njengakwezinye izizinda zamaqembu aphikisayo, amaphepha okuvota afike sekwephuzile cishe amahora angu-12. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabavoti ababhalisele ukuvota abayizigidi eziyisi-6.6 baseZimbabwe bahlala e-Harare, ukucindezelwa kwabavoti lapho bekungase kunqume lonke ukhetho. Ukuvota kwandiswa ngamahora angama-24, nokho, abaningi baqhubeka nokulinda amahora amaningi ukuze bavote. Abanye bavele bancama phakathi nokubambezeleka.

Konke lokhu kwakubonakala kubaliwe. Iqembu elisha labaqaphi elizibiza nge-Forever Associates Zimbabwe lapho batshalwe ngokunemba kwezempi ezigodini ezingu-36,000 ngaphambi kokhetho. Bafaka amasheke ezikhungweni zokuvota befuna amagama nomazisi abavoti ngaphambi kokuba bavote.

Amaphoyisa namasosha nawo abekade ezungeza izikhungo zokuvota ehlome ngezibhamu, izinduku nama-teargas.

Ngosuku lokugcina lokuvota, kulandela ukugqekeza kwangaphambilini kwabasolwa ngokucekela phansi ibandla elibusayo iZimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), amaphoyisa aseZimbabwe agasele emahhovisi eZimbabwe Election Resource Centre kanye neZimbabwe Election Support Network, esatshala abaqaphi bokhetho, etshale abaqaphi bokhetho abayizi-7,500 ezweni lonke. Ngokugunyazwa yikhomishini yeZimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) ukuthi ibone ukuvota, inhlanganiso lezi bezilungiselela ukubala amavoti afanayo njengalokhu zenze kukhetho olwedluleyo njalo kuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba kuzwekazi le-Africa. Ngaphandle kokushaqa amathuluzi nemibhalo esetshenziswa ukwethula imiphumela, amaphoyisa abophe izingqapheli ezingu-49, ezisaqhubeka nokugqigqa emajele.

Njengolunye ukhetho lwaseZimbabwe, udlame beluphambili kulolu khetho. Ukuthunjwa, ukuboshwa ngokungafanele, nokushaywa kwabaphikisayo kanye nezishoshovu zomphakathi ngabacatshangelwa ukuthi bangamanxusa e-ZANU-PF kwanciphisa indawo yezombangazwe neyomphakathi ngaphambi kokhetho. Lawa maqhinga okuthumba namanye okusabisa—okuhlanganisa ukuhlukumeza, ukunyamalala okuphoqelelwe, nokuhlasela—kuye kwaqhubeka kusukela okhethweni.

Ngakho-ke, inengi lithi lolu cwaningo—njengabanye ngaphambi kwalo—bekuwumkhankaso omkhulu wezokuphepha ukuze kuphumelele iqembu elibusayo i-ZANU-PF. Ukhetho lukamongameli lweZEC, uMnu Emmerson Mnangagwa, nguye onqobile kukhetho lukamongameli mhlaka 27 Agasti.

Izikhalazo zezakhamizi zeZimbabwe i-SADC

Ukusabela ekuncishweni kwabavoti baseZimbabwe, iPlatform for Concerned Citizens (PCC) yethule i-SADC isicelo esisayinwe ochwepheshe abangu-65,000 kanye namalungu omphakathi ukuze kulungiswe ukhetho olunenkohliso. Ababhali balo abakhulu ngu Dokotela Ibbo Mandaza onguMqondisi omkhulu we-Southern Africa Political Economy Series (SAPES) Trust kanye no-Tony Reeler ongumcwaningi omkhulu ku-Research and Advocacy Unit (RAU) eHarare. Lesi sinyathelo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Mandaza/Reeler Petition, sifuna uhlaka olunamaphuzu ayisishiyagalombili lokubhekana nenkinga yezepolitiki:

1. IQembu Labantu Abahlonishwayo abazosebenzisana ne-SADC ukuxazulula le nkinga. Amagama aphakanyisiwe ngowayengumengameli wase-Liberia u-Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (eNtshonalanga Afrika), owayengumengameli wase-Tanzania u-Jakaya Kikwete (eMpumalanga Afrika), kanye nowayengumengameli wesikhashana waseNingizimu Afrika uKgalema Motlanthe (eNingizimu Afrika).
2. Izingxoxo ezibandakanya wonke amaqembu ezepolitiki (okuhlanganisa i-ZANU-PF), amabandla, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinyunyana zabasebenzi, ochwepheshe, abesifazane, nezinye izinhlangano ezithintekayo.
3. Uhulumeni wesikhashana/igunya elihlanganisa i-ZANU-PF, amaqembu aphikisayo, kanye nochwepheshe abavela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi kanye nezinkampani ezizimele. Iziphathimandla zizokhipha abahlanganyeli be-PCC (uMandaza, uReeler, nabanye).
4. Izichibiyelo zoMthethosisekelo ukuze kukhishwe amasosha kwezombusazwe.
5. Ukuguqulwa kwezikhungo zombuso ezibucayi njengezobulungiswa.
6. Ukusimamisa umnotho ngokugcizelela abampofu.
7. Isikhwama esizimele esinezindlela zokuziphendulela ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela kwezinsiza zeZimbabwe.
8. Ukulungiswa okuphelele kwemishini yokhetho kanye nomthetho we-draconian.

Izikhalazo zike zacutshungulwa ngokomlando yi-SADC ngaphansi komthetho wendabuko wamazwe ngamazwe. Lo mgomo uqinisekiswe yi-SADC Parliamentary Forum, i-SADC Secretariat, kanye ne-SADC Electoral Advisory Council (SEAC) eyakhiwe ngamajaji avela emazweni ayi-14 angamalungu.

I-Article 11 ye-SADC Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation, inika igunya i-SADC Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation—ephethwe yi-SADC Organ Troika—ukuba isebenzise noma yiziphi izindlela zokuxazulula ukungqubuzana njengoba kungase kudingeke ukuxazulula izinkinga zezombusazwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa “ukuphoqelela njengendlela yokugcina.”

NjengoSihlalo we-SADC Organ Troika, uMongameli waseZambia u-Hakainde Hichilema ubambe umhlangano ongajwayelekile wamalungu eTroika—iZambia, iNamibia, neTanzania—mhla zingama-28 Sebuthemba lapho kuzodingidwa khona ukhetho lwaseZimbabwe. Amalungu e-Troika amukele i-SEOM’s Preliminary Statement, okwenza kube umbiko osemthethweni we-SADC. Okwesibili, yagxeka ukuziphatha kweziphathimandla zaseZimbabwe ngesikhathi sokhetho futhi yayala i-Secretariat ye-SADC ukuthi idlulise ukunengeka kwayo eHarare. Okwesithathu, kunike uhulumende weZimbabwe ilungelo lokuphendula, lanxa uhulumende elokhu enqabile ukuphendula. Okwesine, iTroika iphinde yaqinisekisa imithetho ye-SADC ngokhetho yaxwayisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kokuthi i-SADC namazwe angamalungu ayo ayilandele, ikusasa lentando yeningi esifundeni lisengozini. I-Troika yabona ukuthi inkinga yaseZimbabwe inomthelela ekuhlonipheni nasekuzinzeni esifundeni sonke se-SADC.

Izandulela Nokubaluleka

IZimbabwe yazuza ngokomlando ekuxoxisaneni nomphakathi. Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili lamuhla lanxa abanye abantu beZimbabwe bebalelwa ezigidini ezingu-4 ingxenye yesine yabantu ababaleke ezweni njengoba isimo sezombusazwe kanye lezomnotho sesisibi kakhulu.

Inhlanganiso ezigoqela i-Mandaza/Reeler Petition seziveze ukuthi iZimbabwe isingene “kwi-Lancaster House Moment” ikhuluma ngezingxoxo ezaqhutshelwa e-Lancaster House, e-London, ezavula indlela yokhetho olugcweleyo lokumisa uzulu kanye lokuzimela ngomnyaka ka1980.

Akukhona okokuqala i-PCC izibandakanya kuleli zinga lokumela. Ngesikhathi sombango wokhetho lwango-2008 baxoxisana nethimba lezokuphepha laseNingizimu Afrika elaliholwa owayeyinhloko yebutho lezokuvikela u-General Gilbert Ramano ukuze lihlole isimo sezokuphepha. Bangaphezu kuka-300 abantu baseZimbabwe asebebulewe.

“Sathatha abantu ababenqunyulwe izandla ngamasosha e-ZANU-PF sabayisa kuKhomishana eNkulu yaseNingizimu Afrika ukuze bayomhlangabeza,” kukhumbula uMandaza. “UJenene uRamano wahlengezela izinyembezi, ebuza ukuthi inhlangano yenkululeko ingabaphatha kanjani abantu bayo ngale ndlela!”

Umbiko ka-Ramano—nakuba ungadalulwanga—ucindezele uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ukuthi asungule iKomidi leKhabhinethi eZimbabwe. IKomidi liphushe iNingizimu Afrika ukuthi ihole imizamo yokulamula ye-SADC, lasebenzisa Isigaba 11 se-SADC Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation, eyaholela ekwakhiweni kukaHulumeni Wobumbano Lwezwe (i-GNU).

Kulokhu, uMandaza nethimba lakhe baxoxisane nezikhulu eziphezulu eMnyangweni Wezobudlelwano Bamazwe Ngamazwe Nokubambisana eNingizimu Afrika kanye nongqongqoshe bezangaphandle bakwamanye amazwe e-SADC. Mhla zingama-28 Septhemba, uMandaza wakhuluma nesikole i-Oliver Tambo School of Leadership, isikole sezepolitiki se-ANC, ukudingida lolu hlu lwezikhalazo, nokucasule uhulumeni waseZimbabwe. NgoSepthemba 30, uMandaza nethimba lakhe bamenywa eMozambique ukuze bathamele abangu-90^ukubungaza usuku lokuzalwa lukamongameli owasungula kanye neqhawe lenkululeko yaseMozambique, u-Samora Machel. Ngesikhathi belapho, baqhubeka nokumelana neqembu elibusayo i-Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO).

Ilungelo Lamaqembu Enkululeko

Okwenzakala eZimbabwe ngombango wezokhetho yimbono ye-ZANU-PF yokuthi lilelungelo lokubusa ilizwe kuze kube nini lanini. Imibono efanayo yelungelo inalo athumba amanye amaqembu enkululeko ezwenikazi.

I-ZANU-PF isiqale ukuhlaselana kwenhloko ye-SEOM, Nevers Mumba, kanye noMengameli waseZambia u-Hakainde Hichilema ongusihlalo we-SADC Troika abathweswe icala lokuthumela izinhlaka kanye nokubhekelela izindaba zokuthula nezokuphepha. Umkhulumeli we-ZANU-PF, u-Chris Mutsvangwa, uthe uMengameli u-Hichilema “akazange ahlanganyele emzabalazweni wenkululeko” futhi “wayegxumela eqoqweni lalabo ababefisa ukubona umhlane wenhlangano yenkululeko, eyayizokwenzeka naseNingizimu Afrika, Namibia, Tanzania nakwamanye amazwe ayebuswa ngamaqembu enkululeko” lapho i-ZANU-PF isiketulwa. Ngendlela efanayo, naye wayesho lokho labo abangazange bahlanganyele emzabalazweni wezikhali babengasifanele isikhundla.

Yize kuvezwa isimo se-ZANU-PF mayelana nokubusa eNingizimu Afrika, ukugxeka akusebenzi ku-Ibbo Mandaza, isishoshovu esihlonishwa kakhulu esabamba iqhaza kunhlangano yenkululeko yaseNingizimu Afrika. Wasebenza emazingeni aphezulu ku-ZANU-PF ngesikhathi idingiselwe eMozambique futhi wayengomunye wabantu base-Afrika abadala bokuqala eZimbabwe ngemuva kwenkululeko enezikhundla ezisukela ezinhlelweni zabasebenzi kuya ekuguqulweni kwezokuvikela. Wabuye wafundisa eBotswana, Tanzania naseZambia.

Abanye abaqakathekisayo kuhlelo lwenguquko olukhokhelwa yizakhamuzi bagoqela u-Trevor Ncube loFather Fidelis Mukonori. UNcube ungumnikazi wezindaba ohlonitshwayo eZimbabwe leSouth Africa owake waba kubhodi yokucebisa umongameli kaMnangagwa. UMukonori, umpristi ongum-Jesuit, ubebambe iqhaza ekuxazululeni okuphakeme kusukela ngempi yombango. Ubongwe ngokuxoxisana phakathi kuka-Robert Mugabe nojenene bakhe ukuze kube lula ukudluliswa kwamandla.

Izinyathelo Ezilandelayo ze-SADC

I-SADC Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation inegunya phezu kwayo noma yiluphi udaba oluthinta ukuthula nokuvikeleka kunoma yiliphi izwe elilunga njengokulotshwe ku-Article 11 ye-Protocol, lapho iZimbabwe isisayinile. Lokhu kwaba yisisekelo lapho i-SADC yangenela khona okhethweni lwaseZimbabwe olunokukhwabanisa ngo-2008, okwaholela ekubunjweni kukaHulumeni wesikhashana weNational Unity (GNU). Ngakho-ke ukuhlasela kweZimbabwe ku-Organ akuhambisani nezibopho zayo.

Ukhetho lwaseZimbabwe lwangonyaka ka-2008 lwaba yimvula enkulu ku-SADC. I-ZANU-PF yehlulekile ukulawula iPhalamende yahlulwa okhethweni lukaMengameli u-Robert Mugabe wathola angu-43%.kwathi owamelana laye, umuyi u-Morgan Tsvangirai, wanqoba ngamaphesenti angu-47. Lokhu kudinga i-run-off njengoba bobabili bebengaphansi komkhawulo wamaphesenti angama-50. Nokho, kuyamukelwa kabanzi lokho u-Tsvangirai wahlangana laye futhi bekufanele amenyezelwe njengomongameli.

Ikhomishini ebona ngezokhetho eyeZimbabwe Electoral Commission ithathe inyanga eyodwa ukumemezela impumela ngesikhathi i-ZANU-PF iqhuba umkhankaso wodlakela eZimbabwe yonke. Ngaphansi kokulamula kwe-SADC, izinhlangothi zombili zagcina zivumelene ukuthi kube ne-run-off, kodwa umhlangano Udlame olwalandela i-ZANU lwaluphezulu kakhulu ukuthi amabandla aphikisayo aphuma, watshiya uMugabe encintisa yedwa. Ukuze kuxazululwe ukungabi semthethweni kwakhe, i-SADC yanxenxa amabandla ukuthi abumbe i-GNU ukuze abuse isikhathi esibekiwe futhi alungiselele ukhetho olusha.

I-Transitional Authority ecatshangwayo njengamanje kuxoxwa ngayo njengokuthuthukisa i-GNU yango-2008, eyayikhawulelwe ezinhlanganweni ezingqubuzanayo, ingafaki izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nochwepheshe, futhi yayinokwengamela okubuthakathaka—okuyinto abaqinisekisi bagcina belahlekelwe yithemba endleleni. Ukwengamela ngamandla ngabaqinisekisi kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo aluphazamiseki njengoba kwenzeka ku-GNU.

Kunezimo eziningi iTroika engazilandela. Isinyathelo esisodwa kungaba ukubiza iNgqungquthela ye-SADC engajwayelekile mayelana neZimbabwe ukuze kwakhiwe ukuvumelana kwesifunda. I-Troika iphinde ibe namandla okuqoka “iqembu lokuxhumana” elizosebenza nalo ukuze kutholwe isisombululo kule ndaba (ngokuhambisana neSikhalazo sikaMandaza/Reeler). Nanxa iziphathamandla zikaMnangagwa zingala ukukhulumisana kwe-SADC, ziswela usekelo phakathi kwamalunga angu-16.

Izintshisekelo Ezincintisanayo ngaphakathi kwe-SADC

I-ZANU-PF ilimele kakhulu ngomphumela we-SEOM njengoba i-SADC ijwayele ukuphatha i-ZANU-PF ngenhlonipho okhethweni lwangaphambilini lokukhwabanisa. Abaholi beSadc nabo baphoxekile yilungu labo eliphambukayo. UMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika u-Cyril Ramaphosa, uzakwabo waseMozambique u-Filipe Nyusi, kanye no-Félix Tshisekedi wase-Democratic Republic of the Congo (yena uqobo azokhethwa kabusha ngoDisemba) yibo kuphela abaholi be-SADC ekugcotshweni kukaMnangagwa. Abayi-12 abasele bakhetha ukungayi, okukhombisa ukungezwani okujulile ku-SADC ngodaba lwaseZimbabwe.

Abaholi emhlanganweni wokugcotshwa bagxekwe kakhulu yizinhlangano zomphakathi esifundeni ngokungahambelani ne-SADC. Kuyisiko ukuthi abaholi be-SADC balinde okutholwe yizithunywa zabo ngaphambi kokuba bathathe isinqumo sokuthi kufanelekile yini ukuya emcimbini wokugcotshwa kukamunye umongameli. U-Ramaphosa uthwale kanzima kulokhu kugxekwa njengoba iNingizimu Afrika iyona ebambe ukhiye ekuxazululeni inkinga osekunesikhathi eside iqhubeka eZimbabwe ngakho-ke kulindeleke ukuthi isebenze ngendlela engachemile.

Imiphumela ye-Afrika

Inhlanganiso zikazulu zeZimbabwe zithi ukusebenzelana kwelizwe kuphela okuzakwenza ukuthi iZimbabwe ibuyelwe yintando kazulu kanye lokuzinza.

Ukulungisa isimo sakamuva enkingeni yaseZimbabwe osekunesikhathi eside iqhubeka kuyisivivinyo ku-SADC kanye namandla ayo okugcina izimiso zentando yeningi. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo, kudala umgoqo ophansi kakhulu okhethweni olulandelayo esifundeni. Ukuthi i-SADC yemukele umbiko wokhetho olubi we-SEOM futhi isithathele phezulu isicelo sezakhamizi kukhombisa ukuthi abaningi esifundeni bazithatha ngokungathi sína lezi zimiso. Lezi zinyathelo zokuqala ezincomekayo kuzodingeka zilandelwe esinye isinyathelo, nokho, uma inhlangano yesifunda izokhombisa ukuqhubeka kwayo nokusebenza ezakhamuzini. Njengoba izindinganiso zokhetho zihlehla kwenye indawo ezwenikazi, izenzo ze-SADC zizoba nomthelela obanzi ngale kwe-Afrika eseNingizimu.