SADC yotsvaga nzira dzekugadzirisa Sarudzo dzakaitwa muZimbabwe dzine kukakavadzana

Sarudzo dzevanhu vose vemuZimbabwe dzemusi waNyamavhuvhu 23–24 dzakaonekwa nevazhinji sedzakabiridzirwa. Uku ndiko kuwirirana kwakaita Southern African Development Community (SADC) Electoral Observer Mission (SEOM) nevamwe vaongorori vemu Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), veAfrican Union (AU), veEuropean Union (EU), veCommonwealth Observer Group, neveCarter Center.

Vachitungamirirwa neaive mutevedzeri wemutungamiri aivepo weZambia, Dr. Nevers Mumba, SEOM yakasiyana nemuitiro wayo wakare ikaburitsa Mashoko Ekutanga anoshoropodzazvikuru ichitaura kuti sarudzo haina kutevedzera mitemo yakaiswamuSADC Principles and Guidelines for Democratic Elections. Muchidimbu, yakataura kuti:

• Kusaringana mukuganhuraniswa kwemamatunhu.
• Kunonoka kuburitsa roll yevanovhota zvichiita izvo kuti kushaike mikana yekuongorora nekugadzirisa zvirimo.
• Kurambidzwa kwemvumo yekuungana nekuratidzira zvichibva mumitemo yakaomarara yakaita seMaintenance of Peace and Order Act (MOPA) nePatriot Act, inosunga munhu wese anoshoropodza “kuzvitonga kuzere kweZimbabwe.”
• Mubhadharo unodzvinyirira wekupinda musardzo unotadzisa vazhinji kuti vapinde wakaita semubhadharo unotyisa we$20,000 wevanoda kukwikwidza pachigaro chaPresident.
• Umboo hwekushaika kwekuzvitonga kwemadzishe ematare.
• Umboo hwekushandiswa kweveForever Associates Zimbabwe (avo vanotenderwa kuva vanyengedzi veZimbabwean state intelligence) munyika yose, izvo zvakakanganisa mavhoti.
• Nhau yekushandira pamwe kwe bato/hurumende.
• Rusaruro runoitwa nevatori venhau venyika.

IMuguta guru, Harare, pamwe nenzvimbo dzinotongwa nevapikisi vehurumende, mapepa emuballot akasvika kwatopera maawa 12. Pamusana pekuti chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevanhu 6.6 million vakanyoresa kuvhota vemuZimbabwe chinogara muHarare, kudzvanyirirwa kwevanovhota ikoko kungadaro kuriiko kwakakonzeresa mafambiro akaita sarudzo. Kuvhota kwakawedzerwa nemaawa 24, asi, vakaramba vakamirira kuvhota kwemaawa akawanda. Vamwe ndivo vakangosiyana nazvo pamusana pekunokoka kwazvakaita.

Izvi zvese zvaiita sekunge zvakarongwa. Bato ritsva risinga nzvwisisiki rekuchengetedza vanhu rinozviti Forever Associates Zimbabwe—rakaendeswa nenzira yechiuto chaiyo mumisha 36,000 pamberi pesarudzo. Vakagadzira nzvimbo dzekuongorora zvaiitika panzvimbo dzaivhoterwa vachida mazita nezvitupa zvevanovhota vasati vakanda mavhoti avo.

Mapusira nemasoja vakangawo vakaiswa panzvimbo dzekuvhotera vaine pfuti, tsvimbo neteargas.

Pazuva rekupedzesera rekuvhota, zvichitevera kuvhiringidzwa kwakaitwa nevanofugidzirwa kuti vaparadzi vakabva mubato rinotonga reZimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), mapurisa eZimbabwe akanopinda zvechisimba mumahofisi eZimbabwe’s Election Resource Centre neZimbabwe Election Support Network, iyo yakaendesa vaongorori 7,500 munyika yose. Vaine mvumo yakabva kuZimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) kuti vaongorore vhoti, mapato aya aigadzirira kuverenga mavhoti neparutivi semaitiro avakanga vagara vachiita pasarudzo dzakare uye ariiwo maitiro anoitwa mucondinendi. Pamusoro pekubvuta zvinoshandiswa nemapepa anoshandiswa pakuverenga mavhoti, mapurisa akasunga vaongorori makumi mana nepfumbamwe, avo vachiri kutambura vari mumajere.

Sezvaingoitika musarudzao dzemuZimbabwe dzakapfuura, mhrizhonga yakanga iri pamberi uye iri pakati pevhoti iyi. Kunyangarka kwevanhu, kusungwa kusiri pamutemo, nekurohwa kwevapikisi vehurumende nevanorwira veruzhinji zvichiitwa nevanofungidzirwa kuti ndeveZANU-PF zvakakanganisa nzvimbo yevanhu yematongerwo enyika sarudzo isati yaitwa. Kubiwa kwevanhu uku nenzira dzekutyikidzira—pamwechete nekushungurudzwa, kunyangaritsa vanhu nechisimba, nekukuvadzwa—kuchiri kungoederera mberi kubva pakaitwa sarudzo.

Naizvozvo, vazhinji vanoti sarudzo iyi—kufanana nedzimwe dzakaitwa kumashure—yakashandiswa nevachengetedzi venyika kuti vape kukunda kubato reZANU-PF. ZEC, iyo inonzi haina kuvimbika, yakazivisa kuti mutungamiri wenyika, Emmerson Mnangagwa, ndiye akanga akunda musarudzo yemutangamiri wenyika musi waNyamavhuvhu 27.

Chikumbiro chevagari vemuZimbabwe kuSADC

Mukupa mhinduro kuvanhu vakatadziswa kuvhota vemuZimbabwe, vePlatform for Concerned Citizens (PCC) vakaendesa kuSADC chikumbiro chakasainwa nevanhu 65,000 vanoshanda nevagari vemudzinharaunda kuti igadzirisesarudzo iyi yakabiridzirwa. Vanyori vayo vakuru ndi Dr. Ibbo Mandaza, Executive Director of the Southern Africa Political Economy Series (SAPES) Trust, naTony Reeler, Senior Researcher kuResearch and Advocacy Unit (RAU) in Harare. Ichishevedzwa kuti Mandaza/Reeler Petition, chiitiko ichi chinoshevedzera nzira sere dzekugadzirisa kunetsa kurikuita matongerwo enyika:

1. Eminent Persons Group kuti rishande neSADC kugazirisa nhamo iyi. Mazita akadomwa ndeaimbova mutungamiri weLiberia President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (West Africa), aimbova mutungamiri weTanzania Jakaya Kikwete (East Africa), neaimbova muchengetedzi wemutungamiri wekuSouth Africa Kgalema Motlanthe (Southern Africa).
2. Nhaurirano dzinosanganisira mapato ese ezvematongerwo enyika (pamwechete neZANU-PF), machechi, vamiririri vevagari vemunyika, vamiririri vevashandi, vanoenda kumabasa, vakadzi, nemamwe mapoka anezvekuita nezvizvi.
3. Hurumende ineshanduko/nesimba kubatanidzira ZANU-PF, mapato anopikisa hurumende, nenyanzvi dzinobva munogara vanhu veruzhinji nebato risiri rehurumende. Masimba aya haasanganisiri vavambi vePCC (Mandaza, Reeler, nevamwe).
4. Kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remutemo kubvisa mauto mumatongerwo enyika.
5. Kugadziriswa kwemasangano anokosha ehurumende akaita matare enyika.
6. Kudzikamisa hupfumi hwenyika nekuisa varombo- pamberi.
7. Homwe yakazvimiririra ine nzira dzinoongorora mafambiro ayo kuitira kuti zviwanikwa zvemuZimbabwe zvifambiswe zvakanaka.
8. Kugadziriswa kuzere kwezvine zvekuita nesarudzo nemitemo yekudzvinyirira.

Zvikumbiro zvagara zvichitariswa neSADC zviri pasi petsika yagara ripo yepasi rose. Tsika iyi yakabvumwa neSADC Parliamentary Forum, SADC Secretariat, neSADC Electoral Advisory Council (SEAC) ine vatongi vematare vanobva munyika gumi neina 14 dzemo.

Chikamu 11 cheSADC Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation, chinopa mvumo kuneSADC Organ on Politics, Defence neSecurity Cooperation—inotungamirirwa neSADC Organ Troika—kuti ishandise nzira dzekupedza nadzo kusawirirana dzakakodzera kugadzirisa  matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi zvinobatanidzira “kumanikidzira senzira yekupedzesera.”

SaSachigaro weSADC Organ Troika, Mutungamiri weZambia, Hakainde Hichilema akashevedzera musangano wenhengo dzeTroika—Zambia, Namibia, neTanzania—musi wa Gunyana 28 kuti vataure nezvesarudzo dzeZimbabwe. Nhengo dzeTroika dzakabvuma Preliminary Statement ye SEOM, zvichiita kuti ive shumiro iri pamutemo weSADC. Chechipiri, yakashoropodza maitiro evatongi veZimbabwe panguva yesarudzo vakakomekedza SADC Secretariat kuti izivise Harare kusafara kwayo. Chechitatu, yakapa hurmende yeZimbabwe mvumo yekupindura, nyangwe zvazvo nanhasi hurumende isati yaita saaizvozvo. Chechina, Troika yakasimbisisazve mitemo yeSADC yesarudzo ikapa yambiro yekuti kunze kwekuti SADC nenyika dzirimairi dzatevedzera mitemo, ramangwana rekuzvitonga kunesadurdzo mudunhu riri munjodzi. Troika yakacherechedza kuti dzambudziko riri muZimbabwe rinokanganisa zita nekugadzikana kwedunhu rese reSADC.

Mienzaniso neHukoshwa

Kubva kare, Zimbabwe yaibatsirwa nekushanda pamwechete kwakasimba nevagari vemunyika. Izvi zvinoramba zvichiitika nanhasi zvisinei nekuti kunofungidzirwa kuti vanhu 4 million vemuZimbabwe—chikamu chimwe muzvina chevanhu—chakatiza munyika maererano nematongerwo enyika uye hupfumi hwenyika hwaramba huchioma zvikuru.

Masangano evanhu varikumashure kweMandaza/Reeler Petition vanotaura kuti Zimbabwe yapinda “munguva yeLancaster House” vachireva chibvumirano chakaitika kuLancaster House, kuLondon, icho chakagadzira nzira yekumira kurwa and nesarudzo dzekuzvitonga muna 1980.

Aka hakasiriko kekutanga PCC ichikurudzira mhando yakadai yerutsigiro. Panguva yekukakavadzana pasarudzo ya2008 vakabatana neboka rekuchengetedza runyararao rekuSouth Africa richitungamirirwa neaimbova mukuru wemauto General Gilbert Ramano, kuti vaongorore mamiriro ekuchengetedza runyararo. Vanhu vemunyika yeZimbabwe vanopfuura 300 vakanga vaurayiwa.

“Takatora vanhu vaive vadimburwa maoko nemauto eZANU-PF kuSouth African High Commission kuti vamuone,” Mandaza anorangarira. “General Ramano vakachema misodzi, vachibvunza kuti zvingaitesei kuti varwiri verununguko vabate vanhu vavo nenzira iyi!”

Shumiro yaRamano—nyangwe zvazvo isina kuratidzwa ruzhinji—yakamanikidza hurumende yeSouth Africa kuti igadzire Cabinet Committee ye Zimbabwe. Committee iyi yakasunda South Africa kuti itungamire nhamburiko dzekuyananisa dzeSADC, ichishandisa Article 11 yeSADC Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Cooperation, zvakaita kuti kuvambwe Government of National Unity (GNU).

Nguva ino, Mandaza nevamwe vake varikushanda nevakuru veSouth Africa’s Department of International Relations and Cooperation nemaMinister edzimwenyika eSADC. Musi wa Gunyana 28, Mandaza akataura kuOliver Tambo School of Leadership, chikoro cheANC chezvematongerwo enyika, achitaura pamusoro pechikumbiro, izvo zvinova zvakasvota hurumende yeZimbabwe. Musi waGunyana 30, Mandaza nevamwe vake, vakakokwa kuMozambique kuenda kubhavhadae rechi 90 rekupemberera mutungamiri wekutanga weMozambique’s anove mufananidzo werusununguko, Samora Machel. Vari ikoko , vakaenderera mberi vachitaura zvinehungwaru neFront for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO).

Masimba emapato eRununguko

Chiri kumashure kwedambudziko resarudzo maonero ekukodzera hukuru eZANU-PF—sebato rerusununguko—kuti itonge nyika zvachose. Pfungwa dzimwechete dzemaonero ekodzero dzemasimba dzabata mamwe mapato erusununguko mukondinendi.

ZANU-PF yatanga kurwisa zvakasimba mukuru weSEOM, Nevers Mumba, nemutungamiri weZambia, Hakainde Hichilema sachigaro weSADC Troika anemvumo yekuendesa vaongorori vanocherechedza nyaya dzerugare nekugadzirisa rugare nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Mutauri weZANU-PF, Chris Mutsvangwa, akati VaHichilema “havana kurwa muhondo yerusununguko” zvakare “vaingobatana nevamwe vaishuwira kudzoka kwehondo yerusununguko, zvaizoitika zvakare kuSouth Africa, Namibia, Tanzania nedzimwe nyka dzinotongwa nevarwi verusununguko.” Kana ZANU-PF yabviswa. Nenzira imwecheteyo, akarevawo kuti avo vese vasina kurwa hondo yerununguko havakodzeri kutonga.

Izvi zvichiburitsa pachena mafungiro eZANU-PF pamusoro pematongerwo emuSouthern Africa, kushoropodza uku hakubatebate Ibbo Mandaza, anoremekedzwa zvikuru akanga arimowo mukurwira rusununguko rwemuSouthern Africa. Akashandawo mumahofisi makuru eZANU-PF panguva yaakanga arimuhutapwa kuMozambique uye aive mumwe wekutanga pavakuru veVatema muZimbabwe yakasununguka vaive nemaportfolio aive nezvekuronga vanhu kusvika pakuvandudzwa kwekudzivirira. Akafundisa zvakare kuBotswana, Tanzania, nekuZambia.

Dzimwe nhengo dzinemukurumbira dzenhamburiko yekugadzirisa dzinosanganisira Trevor Ncube naFata Fidelis Mukonori. Ncube muridzi wezvekuburitswa kwemashoko anoremekedzwa muZimbabwe neSouth Africa aimbova murairidzi waMnangagwa mutungamiriri wenyika. Mukonori, mupurisiti wechiJesuit, akabatanidzwa munyaya dzekuyananisa dzemhando yepamusoro kubva munguva yehondo. Ndiye akayananisa pakati paRobert Mugabe nevakuru vake vemauto kuti masimba abve kwaari.

Matanho anotevera eSADC

Nhengo yeSADC  paPolitics, Defence and Security Cooperation ine hutongi pamusoro pechero nyaya inokanganisa rugare nekuchengetedzeka kwenyika mune chero ipi nyika zvayo iri nhengo sekunyorwa kwazvakaitwa muChikamu 11 cheProtocol, Zimbabwe iriwo imwe yakasaina. Iyi ndiyo hwaro yakaita kuti SADC ipindire musarudzo yakabiridzirwa yeZimbabwe muna 2008, zvakazoita kuti kuvambwe hurmunede yekugoverana masimba, Government of National Unity (GNU). Nekudaro, kurwisa Organ kweZimbabwe hakuenderani nezvayakamiririra.

Sarudzo yemuZimbabwe ya2008, yakave nguva yedambudziko yeSADC. ZANU-PF yakarasikirwa nehutongi muParamende ikakundwa kusarudzo dzese dzemutungamiri wenyika mushakabvu Robert Mugabe vachiwana 43 percent apo aivakwikwidza, mushakabvu Morgan Tsvangirai, akahwina ne47 percent. Izvi zvakaita kuti kudzokerwe zvakare kusarudzo vese vaive pasi pe50 muzana. Zvisinei, vazhinji vanobvuma kuti Tsvangirai akakwanisa kusvika pachikamu chaidikanwa saka aifanira kunzi ndiye mukuru wenyika.

Zimbabwe Electoral Commission yakatora mwedzi wese kuti izivise zvakabuda munguva iyi ZANU-PF yaka mhanya -mhanya muZimbabwe yose ichiita mhirizhonga. Nekuyananisa kweSADC, mativi aya maviri akapedzeesera abvumirana kuti paveneimwe saruzo asi mhando yemhirizhonga yeZANU yaive yakakwirisisa zvokuti vaikwikwidza vakabuda, vakasiya Mugabe achikwikwidza oga. Kuti vagadzirise kutonga kwake kwaioneka kuti kwaive kusiri pamutemo, SADC yakakwiridzira mapato aya kuti avambe GNU kuti itonge kwechidimbu chenguva vachigadzirira sarudzo itsva.

Mutemo urikuda kuiswa weTransitional Authority urikutaurwa sechinhu chakuvandudza chiitiko che2008 GNU, yaingove yakamiririra mapato aikwikwidzana, isingasanganisi vanomiririra vagary vemunyika, nenyanzvi, uye yaive nekuona mberi kushoma—vatsigiri vayo vakazopedzesera vaishaira hanyn’a. Kuona mberi kwakasimba kwevatsigiri kunoita kuti mafambiro ayo asaondomotswe sezvakaitwa eGNU.

Kune nzira zhinji dzinokwanisa kutevedzwa neTroika. Rimwe danho ndereekushevedza musangano weSADC Summit panyaya yeZimbabwe kuti ivake kubvumirana kwedunhu rose. Troika ine zvakare masimba ekudoma “contact group” inoshanda kuti iwane mhinduro kunyaya iyi (zviri mugwara reMandaza/Reeler Petition). Nyangwe hurumende yaMnangagwa ikaramba maitiro eSADC, haina rutsigiro rwakakura pakati penhengo idzo 16.

Mafungiro anokwikwidzana ari muSADC

ZANU-PF yakarwadziwa zvikuru nezvakawanikwa neSEOM nokuti SADC yakanga ichibata ZANU-PF nerukudzo musarudzo dzakabiridzirwa dzakapfuura. Vatungamiriri veSADC varikunyara neimwe nhengo yavo inokanganisa. Mutungamiri weSouth Africa, VaCyril Ramaphosa, mumwe wavo wekuMozambique Filipe Nyusi, naVaFélix Tshisekedi vekuDemocratic Republic of the Congo (ivo varikuda kusarudzwa zvakare muna Zvita) ndivo vega vatungamiri venyika dzeSADC vakauya kuugadzo hwaMunangagwa. Vamwe 12 vakasarudza kusauya, zvinoratidza kusawirirana kukuru kuri muSADC panyaya yeZimbabwe.

Vatungamiri vakauya kuhugadzo vakashoropodzwa zvikuru nevamiriri vevanhu vemunyika mudunhu nekusawirirana neSADC. Itsika yevatungamiri veSADC kuti vamirire zvawanikwa nevaongorori vasati vabvuma kuenda kuhugadzo hwemumwe mutungamiri. Ramaphosa ndiye atora kutukwa kukuru sezvo South Africa iri iyo inekiyi yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri guru remuZimbabwe saka,ndiye anotarisirwa kuti ashande nenzira isina rusaruro.

Zvazvinoreva kuAfrica

Masangano evanhu emuZimbabwe, akataura kuti nzira yekuyananisa, ichipindirwa nedunhu rese, ndiyo yega inokwanisa kuti Zimbabwe idzokere munzira yekuzvitonga kuneruennzaniso- kwakagadzikana.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko ragarisa reZimbabwe’s muedzo weSADC mukugona kwayo kuchengetedza mitemo yekuzvitonga kuneruenzaniso. Kukundikana mune izvozvo, kunoumba mbariro dzakaderera dzesarudzo mudunhu. SADC yakabvuma shumiro yaive yakashata yeSEOM ikatora chikumbiro chevagari vemunyika zvakakomba kuratidza kuti vazhinji vemudunhu vanotora tsika idzi zvakakomba. Matanho ekutangisa aya akanaka chaizvo, anofanira kuperekedzwa nezviito, kana sangano remudunhu richida kuratidza kukosha kwaro kuvagari vemo. Nekudzokera kumashure kwemitemo yesarudzo kune dzimwe nzvimbo mukondinendi, maitiro eSADC’s achava nezvirevo zvichaenda mberi kupfuura muSouthern Africa.